INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND OUTER SPACE – TODAY’S LAW CHALLENGES
2023, 97, Numer 1
Data publikacji
Model publikowania
Rodzaj licencji
Dziedzina
Dyscyplina
Klasyfikacja
Język publikacji
Abstrakt
Space security means safe and permanent access to space and limiting threats coming from there. This definition also includes the security aspects of man-made devices sent into space and of ground stations. Space infrastructure can be described as a network of space and ground systems connected by communication channels and allowing access to space. Today, the largest space powers have begun to consider space as an operational domain of warfare. Space more and more often appears to be a field for competition, which might become an arena of conflict. The aim of this article is to present today’s many law challenges to the security of space infrastructure, such as unintentional threats (space debris, geomagnetic and solar storms, and other random disturbances), intentional threats (ASAT anti-satellite weapons, malicious interference, and cyber-attacks), the growing problems of Earth orbit congestion, and the increasing amount of space debris from devices launched into space. The article also presents the role of international organizations (such as the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer space) in making laws that are intended to observe and react to all changes necessary in the outer space environment and to be proactive to help outer space to be safe and secure for all mankind. The conclusion is, however, not optimistic. Space security is a sensitive issue, mainly during conflicts or wars. States are not inclined to bind themselves by international law in this matter. Thus, due to the absence of hard international law (treaties), bilateral and multilateral agreements as well as the best practices from countries that organize space flights must apply. Space monitoring systems, such as the Situational Awareness System (SSA), the code of conduct in space, the UN Long Term Sustainability, or the space Traffic Management rules are legal tools to manage the above challenges in space today.
Słowa kluczowe:
Bibliografia
Bostwick P.D., Liability of Aerospace Manufacturers: MacPherson v. Buick Sputters into the Space Age, 'Journal of Space Law' 1994, Vol. 22(1-2)
Bowen B.E., War in Space. Strategy, Space Power, Geopolitics, Edinburgh 2020 https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450485.001.0001
Chanock B., The Problems and Potential Solutions Related to the Emergence of Space Weapons in the 21st Century, 'Journal of Air Law and Commerce' 2013, Vol. 78(4)
Dempsey P.S., The Evolution of U.S. Space Policy, 'Annals of Air and Space Law' 2008, Vol. XXXIII
Dickinson M., Future STM Capabilities, ESPI Autumn Conference, 27-28 September 2018, www.espi.or.at (accessed 12.04.2021)
Dula A., Authorization and Continuing Supervision of U.S. Commercial space Activities, 'Air and Space Lawyer' 1984, Vol. 1(3)
Dunk von der F.G., Public Space Law and Private Enterprise, (in:) R.S. Jakhu (ed.), Space Law - General Principles, Montreal 2007, Vol. I
Farand A., Commercialization of International Space Station Utilization: The European Partner's Viewpoint, 'Air and Space Law' 2003, Vol. XXVIII(2) https://doi.org/10.54648/AILA2003012
Gleeson P.K., Perspectives on Space Operations, 'AIJSPP' 2007, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/14777620701543065
Isnard N., Active Debris Removal: Mitigating Legal Barriers for Promising Technologies, Comparisons and Proposals, 8th European Conference on Space Debris, 23 April 2021 (ESA/ESOC, 20-23 April 2021).
Jah M., Space Object Behavior Quantification and Assessment for Space Security, (in:) K.-U. Schrogl (ed.), Handbook of Space Security. Policies, Applications and Programs, Vol. 2, New York/Heidelberg/Dordrecht/London 2015
Jakhu R.S., Introduction into the Conference, 3rd Manfred Lachs International Conference on New Space Commercialization and the Law, 16-17 March 2015, Montreal, ICAO
Koskina A., Artificial Intelligence and Space Situational Awareness: Data Processing and Sharing in Debris-Crowded Areas. ESA's Response, 8th European Conference on Space Debris, 20 April 2021 (ESA/ESOC, 20-23 April 2021)
Krag H., The Space Debris Challenge, ESA's Response, 8th European Conference on Space Debris, 20 April 2021 (ESA/ESOC, 20-23 April 2021)
Lambach D., Tackling the Space Debris Problem: A Global Commons Perspective, 8th European Conference on Space Debris, 23 April 2021 (ESA/ESOC, 20-23 April 2021).
Leister V., Frazier M.C., The Role of National and International Law in the Regulation of Space Activities, 'Proceedings of the Forty Third Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space', International Institute of Space Law of the International Astronautically Federation, 2-6 October 2000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Mineiro M., Regulatory Uncertainty for Non-Traditional Commercial Space Activities, 3rd Manfred Lachs International Conference on New Space Commercialization and the Law, 16-17 March 2015, Montreal, ICAO
Monserrat Filho J., Why and How to Define "Global Public Interest", 'Proceedings of the Forty Third Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space', International Institute of Space Law of the International Astronautically Federation, 2-6 October 2000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Moranta S., Security in Outer space: Perspectives on Transatlantic Relations, 12th ESPI Autumn Conference Vienna, 27 September 2018
Newman C., Space Law and the Space Law Games: Legal Liability and Mapping the Future in Orbit, workshop at the AMOS (Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference), 15-18 September 2020.
Oltrogge D., The Contributions of Commercial Best Practices to the Global Space Governance Continuum, AMOS (Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference), 15-18 September 2020
Pellegrino M., Views on Space Security in the United Nations, (in:) K.-U. Schrogl (ed.), Handbook of Space Security. Policies, Applications and Programs, Vol. 2, New York/Heidelberg/Dordrecht/London 2015
Polkowska M., Uchwalenie nowego kodeksu postępowania w Kosmosie; czy bliżej do opracowania projektu zarządzania ruchem kosmicznym?, (in:) M. Polkowska (ed.), Współczesne trendy w polityce bezpieczeństwa kosmicznego, Warsaw 2020
Polkowska M., Prawo bezpieczeństwa w Kosmosie, Warsaw 2018
Qizhi H., Certain Legal Aspects of Commercialization of Space Activities, 'Annals of Air and Space Law' 1990, Vol. XV
Oltrogge D.L., The "We" Approach to Space Traffic Management, Space Ops Conference 2018, https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2018-2668 (accessed 12.04.2021)
Ravillon L., Droits des contrasts spatiaux: quelques thèmes récurrents, 'Revue Française de Droit Aérien' 1998
Robinson G.S., Space Jurisdiction and the Need for a Transglobal Cybernation: the Underlying Biological Dictates of Humankind Dispersal, Migration and Settlement in Near and Seep Space, 'Annals of Air Space Law' 2014
Sagar D., Privatization of the Intergovernmental Satellite Organizations, (in:) A. Kerrest (ed.), Le droit de l'espace et la privatisation des activites spatiales, Paris 2003
Salin P.A., Orbites, fréquences et asteroїdes a l'heure de la commercialization des activités spatiales (vers une appropriation graduelle du patrimoine de l'espace?), 'Annals of Air and Space Law' 2001, Vol. XXVI
Skaar R., Commercialization of Space and its Evolution, Will New Ways to Share Risks and Benefits Open Up a Much Larger Space Market?, ESPI Report 4, May 2007
Stotler Ch.W., International and U.S. National Laws Affecting Commercial Space Tourism: How ITAR Tips the Balance Struck Between International Law and the CSLAA (Commercial space Launch Amendment Act), 'Journal of Space Law' 2007, Vol. 33(1)
Su J., Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes: Non-Militarization, Non-Aggression and Prevention of Weaponization, 'Journal of Space Law' 2010, Vol. 36
Trepczynski S., Benefits of Granting Immunity to Private Companies Involved in Commercial Space Ventures, 'Annals of Air and Space Law' 2006, Vol. XXXI
Undseth M., The Economics of Space Debris in Perspective, 8th European Conference on Space Debris, 23 April 2021 (ESA/ESOC, 20-23 April 2021)
Vissepó V.J., Legal Aspects of Reusable Launch Vehicles, 'Journal of Space Law' 2005, Vol. 31
Wassenbergh H., The Art of Regulating International Air and Space Transportation. An Exercise in Regulatory Approaches to Analyzing Air and Apace Transportation, 'Annals of Air and Space Law' 1998, Vol. XXIII
Zimmer P., Ackermann M., McGraw J.T., Telescopes and Optics for Space Surveillance (SSA), AMOS (Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference), 15-18 September 2020
Inne artykuły z tego numeru
- Open accessliability of statesresponsibility of statesLiability Conventionouter spacespace objects
FROM THE SECTORAL ANGLE TO THE GENERAL RULES OR HOW THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY SPACE OBJECTS INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY?
- Open accessimplementationsoft lawspace lawdomestic law
IMPLEMENTATION OF SOFT LAW RELATING TO OUTER SPACE INTO DOMESTIC LAW
- Open accesssatellite technologiessatellite navigation applicationsinternational space lawinternational liabilityspace objects
SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY MALFUNCTIONING OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Podobne publikacje
- Open accessliability of statesresponsibility of statesLiability Conventionouter spacespace objects
FROM THE SECTORAL ANGLE TO THE GENERAL RULES OR HOW THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY SPACE OBJECTS INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY?
- Open accessimplementationsoft lawspace lawdomestic law
IMPLEMENTATION OF SOFT LAW RELATING TO OUTER SPACE INTO DOMESTIC LAW
- Open accesssatellite technologiessatellite navigation applicationsinternational space lawinternational liabilityspace objects
SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY MALFUNCTIONING OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS