THE COMPARISON OF POLISH AND GERMAN MODELS FOR THE UTILISATION OF POLICE BODY-WORN CAMERAS
2025, 107, Numer 1
Data publikacji
Model publikowania
Rodzaj licencji
Dziedzina
Dyscyplina
Klasyfikacja
Język publikacji
Abstrakt
This paper presents a comparison of the Polish and German models for the utilisation of police body-worn cameras (Polish: kamery nasobne). Three groups of variables were compared: (1) usage policy; (2) situational and social context, and (3) technology. Regarding situational and social context, the circumstances under which body-worn cameras were implemented into police service differed in Poland and Germany. In Poland, the public discourse focused on the use of this technology to reduce the (ab)use of coercive measures by police officers. In Germany, on the other hand, the focus was mainly on the fact that the technology could protect police officers from assaults. Regarding the policy of use and technology, the article compares the models of body-worn camera use in Poland and Germany in the following aspects: the rank and type of legal act (or other document) regulating the use of these devices; the places and areas where events can be recorded; the extent to which events can be recorded by these devices; the retention period of produced recordings; the obligation for an officer to inform a person about the fact of recording an intervention; the integration of these devices and other technologies. German legislation on body-worn cameras is much more detailed than the Polish one in almost every aspect. The Polish legal framework for the use of this technology is, in turn, partly incomplete. The article does not postulate a complete reception of the foreign model into the Polish legal system. However, certain legal solutions could serve as a benchmark or inspiration for the Polish legislator. These could include, e.g., solutions to increase awareness of the fact that police officers use body-worn cameras; to increase the rights of a person who has been recorded with such a camera; to supplement the provisions on the retention period of recordings; to encompass the possibility and potential scope of integrating body-worn cameras with other technologies, such as, for example, automated pattern recognition based on artificial intelligence algorithms. The latter issue remains outside the area of legal regulation in Poland, whereas in Germany, there are some detailed legal solutions in this respect.
Słowa kluczowe:
Bibliografia
Adewuyi D, ‘Effekte von Bodycams zur Prävention von Gewalt gegen Polizeikräfte: Systematische Übersichtsarbeit zu den Methoden und Ergebnissen von Studien zur Evaluation des Präventionsansatze’ (National Centre for Crime Prevention 2021)
Bundeskriminalamt, ‘Unsere Aufgaben’ <https://www.bka.de/DE/UnsereAufgaben/un-sereaufgaben_node.html> accessed 28 September 2024
Chief of Police, ‘Instrukcja użytkowania Systemu Rejestracji Audio-Wideo (RAW), w tym kamer nasobnych pozostających na wyposażeniu policjantów służby pre-wencyjnej’ (unpublished internal document of the Police, Warsaw 2019)
Chyliński A, Krawczyńska A, ‘System Rejestracji Audio-Wideo’ (2018) 157 Gazeta Policyjna <https://gazeta.policja.pl/997/archiwum-1/2018/numer-157-032018/157760, System-Rejestracji-Audio-Wideo.html> accessed 27 September 2024
Sander Flight S, ‘Taking off the blinders: A general framework to understand how bodycams work’ in Bryce Clayton Newell (ed), Police on Camera: Surveillance, Privacy, and Accountability (Routledge 2021)
Glauch A, ‘Frank Schmidt: Polizeiliche Videoüberwachung durch den Einsatz von Bodycams’ (2019) 4 Kriminalpolitische Zeitschrift 247
Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, ‘Sąd Najwyższy utrzymał w mocy wyrok skazujący byłych policjantów za znęcanie się nad Igorem Stachowiakiem’ (Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, 28 August 2023) <https://hfhr.pl/aktualnosci/sad-najwyzszy-utrzymal-wyrok-ws-stachowiaka> accessed 30 September 2024
Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, ‘Zapadł wyrok w sprawie śmierci Dmytra Nikiforenki we wrocławskiej izbie wytrzeźwień’ (Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, 6 June 2024) <https://hfhr.pl/aktualnosci/zapadl-wyrok-w-sprawie-smierci-dmytra-nikiforenki> accessed 30 September 2024
Infosecurity24, ‘Policja testuje kamery nasobne na ŚDM’ InfoSecurity24 (Warsaw, 25 July 2016) <https://infosecurity24.pl/policja-testuje-kamery-nasobne-na-sdm> accessed 28 September 2024
Klämmt S, ‘Der Einsatz von Bodycams durch die Polizei und die Vereinbarkeit mit den deutschen Grundrechten’ (unpublished thesis, Fachhochschule Meißen 2021)
Klepczyński A and others, ‘Złe traktowanie osób podejrzanych i zatrzymanych przez funkcjonariuszy Policji. Raport z badania ankietowego prowadzonego wśród adwokatów’ (Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights 2018)
Koops B-J, ‘The concept of function creep’ (2021) 13 Law, Innovation and Technology 29
Kruse U and others, ‘The de-escalating potential of body-worn cameras: Results from six German police departments’ (2023) 88 Journal of Criminal Justice 1
Kupczyński J, ‘Użytkowanie kamer nasobnych przez policję i inne służby w świetle bieżących polskich regulacji prawnych’ (2023) 3 Kwartalnik Krajowej Szkoły Sądownictwa i Prokuratury 67
Landesbeauftragter für den Datenschutz und die Informationsfreiheit Baden-Württem-berg, ‘Datenverarbeitungen der Sicherheitsbehörden’ (8 January 2024) <https://www. baden-wuerttemberg.datenschutz.de/datenverarbeitungen-der-sicherheitsbehoer den/> accessed 14 December 2024
Lum C and others, ‘Body-worn cameras’ effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review’ (2020) 16 Campbell Systematic Reviews e1112
Najwyższa Izba Kontroli, ‘Przygotowanie wybranych podmiotów do realizacji zadań na rzecz zapewnienia porządku publicznego z wykorzystaniem środków przymusu bezpośredniego’ (Information on audit results, 14 July 2022, No KPB.430.002.2022, ref no 14/2022/P/21/040/KPB, Warsaw 2022) 58 <https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/ id,26195,vp,28975.pdf> accessed 27 September 2024
Michaels R, ‘The Functional Method of Comparative Law’, in Mathias Reimann, and Reinhard Zimmermann (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (Oxford Academic 2012)
Müller M, ‘Bodycam: Eine Erfolgsgeschichte Nimmt Ihren Lauf’ (2016) 65 Deutsche Polizei. Zeitschrift Der Gewerkschaft Der Polizei 14
Neumann S, ‘Einsatz der Bodycam in Wohnungen. Der lange Weg – ein Kommentar’ (2024) 7 DP - Deutsche Polizei Schleswig-Holstein 1 <https://www.gdp.de/Schleswig- Holstein/DP/2024/DP-7-2024.pdf> accessed 14 August 2024
Parliamentary Committee on Administration and Internal Affairs, Record of Meeting (24 January 2018), <https://orka.sejm.gov.pl/zapisy8.nsf/0/0F1A8B1F3E0935E3C125822 C00525115/%24File/0276608.pdf> accessed 27 September 2024
Parliamentary Committee on Administration and Internal Affairs, Record of Meeting (21 July 2022) <https://orka.sejm.gov.pl/zapisy9.nsf/0/412704D5F1CCD335C125888E002 E20D3/%24File/0289809.pdf> accessed 30 September 2024
Parliamentary Committee on Administration and Internal Affairs, Record of Meeting (26 October 2022) <https://orka.sejm.gov.pl/zapisy9.nsf/0/663FD39E55DD40EDC12588 EE003704A5/%24File/0051809.pdf> accessed 28 September 2024
Rojek-Socha P, ‘Kamery w policji sprawdzają się – będzie ich więcej’ (Prawo.pl, 15 July 2019) <https://www.prawo.pl/prawnicy-sady/kiedy-policjanci-moga-nagrywac-interwencje,445099.html> accessed 28 September 2024
Stuttmann M, Polizei- und Ordnungsrecht (Alpmann Schmidt 2023) 2
U.S. Department of Justice, ‘Justice Department Awards over $23 million in Funding for Body Worn Camera Pilot Program to Support Law Enforcement Agencies in 32 States’ (21 September 2015) <https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-awards-over-23-million-funding-body-worn-camera-pilot-program-support-law> accessed 20 January 2025
Wasiak R, ‘Kryminalistyczno – prawna problematyka wprowadzenia do użytku na-sobnych kamer video w Policji’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Warsaw 2019
Weber S, ‘Polizei soll Bodycams auch in Wohnungen nutzen dürfen’ (mittelhessen. de, 6 February 2024) <https://www.mittelhessen.de/politik/politik-rheinland-pfalz/
polizei-soll-bodycams-auch-in-wohnungen-nutzen-duerfen-3288314> accessed 10 August 2024
Webster W, Miranda D and Leleux Ch, ‘Evidence Review into Public Experience and Confidence of Body Worn Video in a Policing Context’ (Scottish Institute for Policing Research 2022) <https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/34460/1/ UoS%20BWV%20Final%20June%2022.pdf> accessed 18 December 2024
Zięba Sz, ‘Kamera osobista dla policjanta. Każda interwencja będzie nagrana’ (Trojmia-sto.pl, 30 September 2019) <https://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Kamera-oso-bista-dla-policjanta-Kazda-interwencja-bedzie-nagrana-n138358.html> accessed 18 December 2024
Inne artykuły z tego numeru
- Open accesscultural heritagecriminal procedurepolice camerasright to voteindependence of the judiciarysupervisory boardsconsumer protectioninternational law
Content
- Open accessinternational protection of cultural heritageindividual criminal responsibilityUNESCOCouncil of EuropeEuropean Unioncultural propertycriminal sanctionsadministrative sanctionsimprisonmentconfiscation of property
PUNISHMENT IN CASES OF OFFENCES AGAINST CULTURAL HERITAGE. MODEL REMARKS AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF UNESCO AND THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONVENTIONS
- Open accessprosecuting authoritiesassistancestate authoritieslocal government institutions
OBLIGATION OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE TO AUTHORITIES CONDUCTING CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ARTICLE 15 § 2 OF THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE)
Podobne publikacje
- Open accesscultural heritagecriminal procedurepolice camerasright to voteindependence of the judiciarysupervisory boardsconsumer protectioninternational law
Content
- Open accessinternational protection of cultural heritageindividual criminal responsibilityUNESCOCouncil of EuropeEuropean Unioncultural propertycriminal sanctionsadministrative sanctionsimprisonmentconfiscation of property
PUNISHMENT IN CASES OF OFFENCES AGAINST CULTURAL HERITAGE. MODEL REMARKS AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF UNESCO AND THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONVENTIONS
- Open accessprosecuting authoritiesassistancestate authoritieslocal government institutions
OBLIGATION OF STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE TO AUTHORITIES CONDUCTING CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (ARTICLE 15 § 2 OF THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE)